A Cure for Cancer Essay - 3018 Words

For years people have been looking for a cure for the devastating disease of cancer. Cancer is the third highest killer in the US with over 2,500,000 victims per year. Oncologists and scientists around the country are researching all forms of cancer in an effort to understand, treat, and ultimately defeat this disease. Already there have been numerous advances in the field, such as chemotherapy and gene therapy. One advance has been the use of a cell process known as apoptosis. By harnessing this normal cell process, scientists hope to have found an effective way to combat cancer. Cancer is a disease that affects human somatic cells. It causes the cells to divide uncontrollably and form masses known as tumors. There are two different†¦show more content†¦This process uses enzymes to cut and insert piece of DNA into a plasmid vector. This vector is then transfected into cells. The different pieces of DNA that were being inserted into this plasmid were a control and three different mutants (an alpha-5-tailless mutant, full-length alpha-5, and full-length alpha-2). These pieces of DNA code for integrins. Once these pieces of DNA were inserted into the plasmid vector, the plasmid needed to be inserted into a cell where it would be able to replicate. In these tests, rat intestinal epithelial wild-type cells (cells that would be found in nature, not cells grown in the laboratory) were used. To insert the plasmid into these cells lipofectamine plus was used. Lipofectamine plus acts like a detergent and opens the membrane of the cell so the plasmid can enter. Also, the plasmids that were transfected into cells were all treated with G-418, an antibiotic. When the cells were plated and allowed to multiply, only those containing the plasmid with the antibiotic would live. 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Revealing the Injustices of America and Its Continued...

Revealing the injustices of America: The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and the continued perpetuation of American inequality One of the most notable features of the famous The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass is the extent to which Douglass shows how even good and reasonable whites in the South supported the institution of slavery. Slavery was dehumanizing to black men and women because it denied an entire class of human beings the right to literacy and the enjoyment of basic civil liberties. But it also coarsened the nature of white men and women. Even his first masters wife, Douglass says: this kind heart had but a short time to remain such. The fatal poison of irresponsible power was already in her hands, and soon commenced its infernal work. That cheerful eye, under the influence of slavery, soon became red with rage; that voice, made all of sweet accord, changed to one of harsh and horrid discord; and that angelic face gave place to that of a demon (Doug lass 35-36). Douglass portrays a society entirely divided between haves and have-nots, between slave and free. If a person is born into slavery, his or her life is spoken for, and there is no hope for any betterment, unless he escapes to freedom. While this situation seems horrific to modern-day eyes, it is worth asking if our present circumstances are really so different, given the class disparities that exist within America today. How will the divide between the rich and the poor in

Sociology And Social Science Management

Question: Write an essay on Sociology And Social Science? Answer: Introduction No matter how advance human being become, they will never stop discriminating between male and female. The society has a tendency to stereotype certain professions either for male or female. There are various social and cultural factors that stereotype the professions, and it is due to these factors that people from the opposite gender are deprived of pursuing career according to the choice of the individual. One of the biggest examples of stereotyping career is the career of a nurse. It is an age-old notion that only women are made for the nursing career (Eliopoulos, 2010). The development of such a notion is still unclear. There can be various social, cultural or historical factors behind this notion: Florence Nightingale used to nurse wounded soldiers Women are always portrayed as a figure that always cares for people Films that always portrayed a female as a nurse. All these factors are depriving those men who want to take up nursing as a career. It is the society that does not let an individual take up a career according to the individuals choice. Mainly history is responsible for stereotyping the nursing career as the career for the female. Florence Nightingale along with 38 female nurses started to care for the men injured in the Crimean War in England. There have been examples of men forming a group to treat plague victims in ancient Rome. In addition to this, the first American nurses were a group of individuals where most of the people were male (Willis Elmer, 2011). In spite of this, the nursing career became a female-oriented career especially when United States Nurse Corp was formed in the year 1991. In addition to history as a factor, social factors also contribute to stereotype nursing as a female-oriented career. It is often seen that women are called nurse while men are called male nurse. The society should know that nurse is a career, not a gender (McLaughlin, T. Muldoon Moutray, 2015). The percentage of male nurses is low worldwide. As per the study, the percentage of male nurses in the United States and Canada recorded a percentage of 10% in 2006 and 9% in 2001 respectively. The European countries like the United Kingdom and Netherlands recorded a percentage of 10% in the year 2003 and 23% in the year 2000 respectively when it came to male nurses. The percentage of male nurses in the Middle East countries like Jordan and Lebanon are 25% in the year 2011 and 19% in the year 2000 respectively (kelvin, 2015). There are other professional factors. Though there are men who work as the nurse in various departments, yet, the problem arises in the gynaecology department. Many women had expressed uneasiness when men touched the private parts. Conclusion Thus, it can be said it the social factors that hugely affect the career of men as nurses. There can be men who want to become a nurse by choice, but it is the notion created in the society regarding female nurse stops the male population from taking up nursing as a career. References Eliopoulos, C. (2010). Gerontological nursing. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. kelvin, o. (2015). gender inequality in nursing (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/8615158/Gender_Inequality_in_Nursing_Implication_for_Nursing_Education_Practice_and_Management McLaughlin, K., T. Muldoon, O., Moutray, M. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www2.ul.ie/pdf/373693202.pdf Willis, K., Elmer, S. (2011). Society, culture and health. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press.

National Coalition Against Domestic Violence

Introduction The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV) is a not-for-profit organization that was started in 1978 with the primary objective of ending violence against women (NCADV, 2015). The organization has worked with legislators to develop public policies. Among the organization’s success stories is its involvement in the passage of the Violence against Women Act through advocacy campaigns, joined by other groups of similar interest.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on National Coalition Against Domestic Violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report seeks to study the operations of the organization with the primary goal of identifying its weaknesses and recommending changes to boost its growth. In this regard, the company’s mission and vision shall be studied in comparison to those of similar organizations and a gap analysis generated. The gap analysis shall inform the ch anges that will be recommended. Mission The mission of the NCADV is to advocate for societal power by training communities to encourage change and support a structure of thinking and authority among people, which aims at bringing domestic violence to an end (NCADV, 2015). NCADV works under the premise that violence against women and children arises from the use of force and threats to gain dominance over the other parties in personal relationships. The organization also believes that domestic violence is fuelled by the misuse of power and authority through such biases as racism and homophobia (NCADV, 2015). The organization understands that the abuse of power in society encourages domestic violence by creating environments that support battering of women and children (NCADV, 2015)., It is, therefore, the mission of NCADV to advocate a change in society, which serve to fight all forms of domestic violence directed at women and children (NCADV, 2015). The organization works by buildin g strong coalitions at all levels of society. It provides technical and financial support for community-based organizations, some of which provide shelter for women and their children affected by domestic violence. The focus of NCADV’s leadership is to fight for the rights of marginalized groups with the aim of getting rid of societal elements that encourage violence against women and children (NCADV, 2015). Vision NCADV works to ensure that the welfare of victims of domestic violence is one of the main political and legislative item in America (NCADV, 2015). The directors of the organization believe that in days to come, political parties will add domestic violence legislation as key campaign element while consulting NCADV’s research data and expertise (NCADV, 2015). NCADV works to compound all efforts aimed at ending domestic violence under one body. This will make the unified voice stronger and it will have a bigger impact on society (NCADV, 2015). NCADV also hopes to educate the society about domestic and dating violence while offering support to all marginalized groups (NCADV, 2015). The organization seeks to widen its information database while dealing trying to reduce the damaging effect of domestic violence on women and children (NCADV, 2015).Advertising Looking for assessment on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, NCADV hopes to make the public know that the symbol of the purple ribbon represents the mission of the organization, which is to bring peace to all American households (NCADV, 2015). The directors of the organization foresee a time when incidences of violence in homes are broadcast and printed in all media channels. This will give the work of the organization the same level of attention institutions working to end Cancer and AIDs (NCADV, 2015).  NCADV also hopes be a leader in teaching countries around the world on the best approaches tha t can be used to fight domestic violence (NCADV, 2015). Swot analysis Strength NCADV’s main strength as a human services organization is that it has a number of strong supporters, among them Take a Stand and Mineral Fusion, organizations that are of great repute. The organization’s directors have good relationships with most of the leaders of companies with big sponsorship budgets, an advantage that could be used to increase the sponsorship funding. Another strength NCADV has is a strong management team. The team is smaller compared to those of rival organizations, but it has been properly nurtured to give these older rivals a run for their money. The fact that NCADV has been involved in advocacy missions that have successfully led to a decline in domestic violence against women and children gives the organization an edge over younger institutions, which have no portfolio to boast of. The institution’s successes have been properly documented and can be used to s ecure more sponsors. Weaknesses One of NCADV’s weaknesses is that it has fewer sponsors, in comparison to younger rivals Communities United Against Violence and Corporate Alliance to End Partner Violence. Being an older institution that has vastly remained unchanged over the years, it wrongly gives the impression of not being a ‘serious’ organization, and sometimes drives uninformed publics to regard it as being ineffective. Being an old organization, NCADV is also disadvantaged in terms of getting more sponsorship, with most companies now working towards establishing working relationships with younger organizations. Another weakness, the organization has, is its low spending power, which makes it unable to compete with the other organizations that have bigger budgets dedicated to marketing their services. This weakness is further worsened by the fact that the organization is yet to get a strong sponsorship-seeking team.Advertising We will write a custom ass essment sample on National Coalition Against Domestic Violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Opportunities As members of the public continue to appreciate NCADV’s services, it has developed its own networks, making it attractive to potential individual sponsors. Companies dealing with organizations that target older members of society are likely to find NCADV the best organization to sponsor, further increasing its operating revenue. In addition, sponsors are gradually realizing that they have for some time been short-changed by sponsoring younger organizations, most of which do not live up to the vision they had when they were started. One of the directors of the organization says they are getting increased attention from new sponsors, who are tired of supporting organizations that do not have an impact on society (Stake, 2011). This vote of confidence might see an increase in the organization’s working capital (LeRo ux, 2009). Threats As NCADV continues to embrace change, other organizations, and particularly those in the human services industry, are beginning to view it as a strong competitor for sponsors’ attention. Similar organizations that have a stronger financial backing than NCADV can easily launch competing services once they start feeling threatened. The organization is also under constant threat from rising organizations, which bring better organizations and ideas into the market. Environmental scan of competitors In order to identify NCADV’s competitors, we interviewed a director at the organization. He informed us that the institution competes with three other organizations namely: Communities United Against Violence, Corporate Alliance to End Partner Violence and the National Council on Child Abuse and Family Violence. Two of these organizations offer a similar service to NCADV. Services offered by competitors In order to identify the services offered by the competit ors, we spoke to a volunteer from each of the three organizations that NCADV competes with. Below are the interviews we did: Interview with Communities United Against Violence volunteer Researcher: What services does Communities United Against Violence (CUAV) offer? CUAV volunteer: Communities United Against Violence aims at increasing the strength of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning people in a bid to tame the violence and oppressive forces that have traditionally been directed towards these groups.Advertising Looking for assessment on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Researcher: How is this accomplished? CUAV volunteer: The organization aims to give services that lead to the healing of victims of abuse. It also seeks to encourage the communities to break chains of trauma and replace them with bonds of protection and liberation. CUAV aims at creating communities in which the rights of all people are respected. The organization has witnessed increased membership in recent days due to the general rise in awareness of sexual minority groups (CUAV, 2015). It is regarded as the fastest rising organizations because of the support it receives from individuals and companies cutting across all facets of society. Interview with Corporate Alliance to End Partner Violence (CAEPV) volunteer Researcher: What services does Corporate Alliance to End Partner Violence offer? CAEPV volunteer: Corporate Alliance to End Partner Violence (CAEPV) has championed the fight against domestic violence since 1995. Researcher: What is the main difference between CAEPV and the other human services organizations it competes with? CAEPV volunteer: The main distinguishing factor of this organization is that it was established by business leaders, with the aim of fighting the vice in the workplace. Since the time CAEPV was started, the hundreds of companies joined it with the aim of exchanging information, working on similar projects, and using their strength and power to bring about change in communities. The organization has on occasion sent out messages encouraging peaceful relations between the genders in family setups, but its key objective has been ending gender-based violence in office setups (CAEPV, 2015). Interview with National Council on Child Abuse and Family Violence (NCCAFV) volunteer Researcher: What services does NCCAFV offer? NCCAFV volunteer: NCCAFV is an organization that seeks to prevent reports of violence against women and children, by bringing all involved parties together. These involved parties include spouses, police and professiona ls trained to handle emotional and physical trauma. We offer guidance and counselling services as well as conduct training on how to prevent the incidence of domestic violence in communities. Need for services provided by NCADV and community capacity Even with young organizations posing a major threat to older community Service organizations, there is a great section of the American population that greatly appreciates the service that NCADV is offering. As a mature organization, NCADV has been effectively gradually selling the idea that it is a people-centred organization, which does not aim at making Americans wait months for services. By appealing to this emotion, the organization has in its existence managed to get a legion of loyal followers and supporters. Gap in services From the gap analysis, it has been shown that NCADV’s competitors have benefited from keeping their scope of coverage open. NCADV’s strategy is to be the preferred organization for the older comm unity. Unfortunately, influencing this group is harder to convince than younger generations, because of the lesser exposure that members in the group have been subjected to. The younger group is constantly on the internet from where they now get most of their information and they can easily identify programs and organizations, whose mission and vision they relate with. Older individuals generally do not care to seek the services of human service organizations and it is, therefore, difficult for NCADV to convincingly reach its mission of being a formidable organization in the region. The management at NCADV pegs their success on numbers. By keeping their scope narrow, the organization can easily increase reach, without the costs being too high. However, the community, in which they operate, has traditionally been led to believe that any organization worth its name has to have extensive coverage. The two organizations that NCADV is in competition with have the backing of wealthy compa nies and they can easily scale up.  Another gap in services, which has been shown in the analysis, is the fact that NCADV, like its two rivals, has been slow in the implementation of modern communication systems. For instance, being a human service organizations, it would be great for NCADV to have live-chat functions integrated with their website. This is fundamentally because most of the problems that members seek help need immediate answers (Chen, Hedrick and Young, 2010). Contracting the services of social media managers will also help the organization deliver service to the public with ease, while appealing to younger audiences. Modern society has driven young people to congregate on social media platforms and any organization of repute needs to utilize these platforms to drive its agenda. NCADV should get professionals to help them effectively run Facebook, Twitter and Instagram account and campaigns in a bid to win new followers and supporters. As a human service organizati on, NCADV needs to find new ways of making the public aware of the services it offers. This can be achieved through door-to-door campaigns, where team members from the organization deliver brochures to potential households. There is a chance that there are numerous families in America that would be interested in the services offered by NCADV, but do not know how to go about it. Attending public fora, such as basketball games, and placing banners at venues is another good method of making the public aware of the services offered by the organization. Strategic plan NCADV is dependent on sponsorship revenue for its successful growth. In this regard, every element of the organization’s strategic plan should be focussed on making their services irresistible to the public. Strategic goals Nurture and expand its following NCADV has over the years developed a good following. However, for it the organization to gain more followers, the management needs to take into account the needs a nd desires of their public, top on the list being the depth of services they offer. The management at NCADV needs to re-evaluate their plan and consider increasing the number of services they offer. This might necessitate a reduction in their nationwide bases, but it will win them more sponsors, who want to associate with a respectable organization. To measure success in this strategic goal, NCADV can contract the services of various data collection firms. Companies such as Magnetic 360 and Data Services Inc. can do survey on NCADV and provide data that shows how the number of NCADV followers and awareness has been increasing over time. The organization can come up with an estimate of the number of members it should have within a particular amount of time and then collect data to find out whether it meets the targets. For instance, it can aim to gain 100,000 new members in three months and if it does, then success will have been achieved. If on the other hand it falls short, then th e board needs to meet and find ways of improving their reach. Acquire new sponsors For NCADV to be taken seriously, the management might need to consider increasing its attractiveness to individual financial partners. By encouraging individuals to sponsor their programs, NCADV stands a great chance of not only increasing its working capital, but also widening its contacts list. This is because, once small sponsors come on board and see that their money is put to good use, they will convince peers to support the program. In this strategic goal, the organization’s board of directors needs to agree on the amount of money they need to raise and send out proposals to potential sponsors. A milestone for this goal would be securing the signature of strong individual sponsors, both in terms of finances and the expertise brought on board. For human-service organizations like NCDAV, the process of fundraising is always ongoing and there can never be a time when the organization says it has more money than it needs. It is on this backdrop that NCDAV will continue to look for new and creative ways of raising funds to further its causes. Improve and expand relationships with existing sponsors NCADV has managed to foster organization relationships with some companies. However, for the organization to grow, the stakeholders need to make sure that they keep up these relationships as they forge more partnerships. The organization needs to invest heavily in its publicity department. The organization heads should ensure that the people they recruit have the necessary skills to approach and convince companies to sponsor the organization. Constant interaction with sponsors and leaders of an organization in the country will help NCADV get more support. In the human service industry, there is no maximum number of sponsors that an organization can have. However, there is an optimum number, which when reached can confirm that the organization is successful (Ross, 2010). The org anization, after evaluation of its expenses, can then decide how many sponsors it needs to have to be successful. This can be one milestone, which can then be improved upon in later assessments. Encourage employee growth The success of any organization is dependent on the dedication and commitment of its employees. NCADV has managed to recruit a strong team, which has successfully provided support to the public for years. Its sponsor-signing team has also done well to register a number of organization accounts and promises to do better in coming days. The senior management staff at NCADV needs to recognize the hard work that has been done by its employees so far and encourage them to keep working hard. NCADV has a generally flat structure in its departments. However, a competitive environment, with proper promotion and pay-rise structures, needs to be created. Employees are generally more motivated when they know that their hard work could lead to a promotion, which comes with bette r pay. Fostering a culture that encourages employee growth is a continuous process (Sridharan and Nakaima, 2011). However, while setting up the promotion and pay hike structures, a number of milestones can be set up with specific metrics. For instance, the establishment of the promotion structure can be one milestone and once it is set up successfully, it can be checked off the list. Stakeholder needs assessment A The primary stakeholders in NCADV are the sponsors. These individuals have committed a substantial amount of their money to funding the project and they expect it to bring a great impact on society. Below are five questions, fronted to one of the key sponsors, and which were used to identify and assess his needs. What are the toughest challenges you have to deal with? Before NCADV was started, extensive research was conducted and clear milestones established. It was clearly shown that the organization was headed to success and as I injected money into the project, I was su re of a return on my investment, in terms of seeing a violence-free society, in less than two years. However, not everything has gone according to plan and I have had to shift my expectations. As a sponsor in the organization, the biggest challenge has been managing my expectations. I do not actively participate in the development of the project, but I would like to see that all promises made are adequately delivered. I invested a lot of money in the project and I hope to see it work to the benefit of the general society. The other challenge, I have to deal with as a sponsor in the organization, is trying to stay away from the daily development of the project. I do not have the technical expertise or experience required to run an organization, but I sometimes would like to be more involved, just to see how my money is being used. However, I know that by doing this, I will be getting in the way, further slowing the successful growth of the organization. I have learned to trust the te am managing the project because they are better skilled than me. What do you consider success to be? Success in any human services organization is seeing all the goals outlined in the company’s mission being achieved. For non-profit organizations, one of the key milestones is self-sustainability. Once the organization has enough cash-flow to meet daily expenses, it can be said to be headed for success. For the case of NCADV, the organization is yet to raise enough sponsorship to adequately cover its daily operating costs. Projections show that in the next few months this trend will be reversed and the organization will be well on its way to success. It may be easier to give up on the organization the moment it appears not to meet growth expectations, but I know that success tends to come after a difficult beginning. NCADV is an organisation founded on the desire to make the communities we live in safer for everyone. The primary desire of the founders is to see men, women and children peaceful living together. If this objective of domestic peace is maintained, then the organization can be said to be 100 per cent successful. However, like with every element of society, there is bound to be some difference between the intended goal and reality. Measures of success can be based on individual families impacted by the organizations work. For instance, if three different families come to seek assistance from NCADV and to get the help they need to be peaceful, then the organization will be 67 per cent successful, which by most ranking methods is a passing grade. What elements do you think have affected the growth of the organization? As far as the growth of the organization is concerned, I am inclined to believe that its growth has been slowed down by forces beyond our control. For instance, being a relatively old organization, NCADV was bound to be met with slow acceptance from young members, who are used to a handful of organizations. Convincing them that a m ature organization is more credible than the emerging fancy lot was a difficult task, but after many success stories, I think we have managed to win them over. Sponsors also have their own preferences, and getting them to shift their allegiances is still a challenge. Companies nowadays prefer to stick with organizations that make their brand appear edgy and convincing them to put their money on an old organization may prove challenging. It is this delayed crossover that has led to the slowed growth of NCADV in terms of cash-flow. On the positive side, a number of big spenders, have given the organization great endorsement by severally sponsoring it on it. If this trend keeps up, the organization is bound to keep growing, to reach the ultimate goal of national and even global coverage. What would happen if we don’t change the way things are done today? One of the things that need to change is unnecessary spending. The organization has registered a number of expenses that are n ot immediately necessary for the growth of the institution. Given the fact that the organization’s cash flow is not yet at desired levels, it is imperative that expenditure be limited to things that are needed to run the organization. If spending is not properly tamed, the organization’s finances may run out earlier than projected. The sponsor-recruitment representatives have also been sitting in a comfort zone and have not been performing as per expectations. The team appears unmotivated, perhaps because they know that at the end of the day, they are subject to a basic pay whether or not they sign a sponsor. The head of this department needs to push her team to bring in more advertisements and if the situation calls for it, cut down on the retainer salaries of her team until enough sales are registered. Without a functioning sponsor-recruitment team, it may be difficult for the organization to attain the desired levels of profitability. What would be the worst case sc enario for the organization? The worst case scenario would be to have NCADV shut down. This would be unfortunate the tens of workers will lose their jobs and their only source of livelihood. However, after sticking with the project for a couple of years, we are committed to seeing its success and unless things happen that are beyond our control, we will not allow the organization to fail. Another undesirable scenario is the withdrawal of key sponsors. If for some reason some of our primary sponsors begin to see little advantage in working with us and opt out, the organization will have difficulty maintaining daily operations. This can in turn lead the administration to either temporarily or permanently relieve some workers. During the last stakeholders’ meeting we agreed on several things, among them the recruitment of stronger board members, someone with a strong network. This is one of the measures that have been taken to ensure that the organization keeps growing and that it has a strong network of sponsors to keep it running efficiently. Stakeholder needs assessment A The workers at NCADV make up the other group of stakeholders. These members of staff depend on the success of the organization for their salaries to be considered. Below are five questions asked to one auditor at the organization to establishing his needs. Are you satisfied with the level that NCADV, as an organization, has reached so far? Yes, I am satisfied with how the organization has grown but I believe there is room for improvement. When the organization was starting in 1978, it was not easy to discern what it would look like several years down the line. However, the organization’s services have been effective and it continues to stand out from older rivals. The team has been successful by offering credible services for months. I find the performance of the sponsorship department wanting because projections at the start of the organization had indicated that by such a time , there would be regular sponsors coming on board. Some members of the team have left and others come in but the performance is still less than desirable. The organization sometimes goes months without signing new sponsors, which means that it has to rely on particular sponsors to fund the day-to-day administration. The directors of the organization need to find a way of making the sponsorship representatives work harder in order to keep the organization running once the funds raised by long-term partners runs out. What do you think should be done to make the organization more attractive to members and sponsors? Most Americans believe that the bigger and fancier an organization is, the more credible it is. NCADV being a relatively old and quiet organization has had to contend with the challenge of convincing both young members and sponsors that it is progressive. In order to have a meaningful impact on the public, I think the management should consider increasing the number of servi ces offered. This will effectively lead to an increase in the operating expenses, but the risk can be mitigated by cutting down on the number of offices until the organization has gained the desired reputation. The design and layout of the organization’s website also need reworking to make it modern. When the organization was, the main aim was to get the message out and little thought was given to giving it a vastly modern face. However, years later, I believe it is time that the organization’s look be revised to make it compete effectively in the ever-changing market. Proper investment needs to be dedicated to getting the website live as well as marketing the organization on various social media platforms. In addition, the organization’s printed publicity material needs to be properly updated for the purposes of reaching the members who do spend a good amount of their time on the internet. At the moment, the organization’s flyers look haphazardly done an d do not immediately catch the eye of the members. What changes would you recommend to the NCADV administration to improve employee comfort? The salaries, that NCADV accords its employees, is fair based on the industry rates. However, the organization needs to consider providing more benefits such as house allowances for its permanent employees. These incentives will encourage the staffs to work harder, further leading to the success of the organization. In addition to the allowances, the organization needs to set up a promotion framework, which clearly outlines the criteria for moving an individual from one job group to another. Employees are generally motivated when they know that their hard work could lead to them getting promoted. Regular meetings with members of staff will help senior administrators at the organization find out how the employees view their positions in the organization and things that can be done to improve their welfare. Another way, by which the organization can encourage employee comfort, is properly rewarding good performance. Members of staff who meet their targets should be publicly rewarded as a way of encouraging their peers to work equally hard. Such small incentives make the organization appear people-focused from within, making it have an even bigger impact on society. What would be the impact if NCADV was to shut down? It would be unfortunate if NCADV was to shut down because not only will a great organization have left the market, but also because a number of people will lose their source of livelihood. After years of operation, NCADV is constantly bucking trends in the human service industry and if it keeps up, sooner or later sponsors will realise that they are missing out on a great opportunity to get their brands recognized by members of the public. It is, therefore, imperative that the directors stay patient and allow the organization to grow to sponsors and members. Shutting down at this stage will be harmful to the obj ective of maintaining peace in households. It will also be undoing the steps that have been made in the right direction during the past 37 years. What strategies can NCADV use to fight competition? NCADV is a relatively old organization but has managed to keep its younger competitors threatened. However, a lot more needs to be done for it to stay relevant. First, the organization needs to invest more in publicizing its services. The shuttle-branding and flyer distribution, that was done a few years ago, had a slight impact, but it needs to be redone. Billboards on select routes and radio spots are good ways of giving the organization the attention it needs from members of the public. On the partnership front, NCADV’s sponsorship division leader needs to find ways of attracting smaller sponsors. Given that the project is still in the growth stage, encouraging people to give anything they can afford will lead to an increase in the organization’s sponsorship pool. Develop ing an online platform that will allow individuals contribute as little as $1 could boost the organization’s funding options. I believe the time, when organizations would wait for a fat cheque from one company to come their way, is fast going behind us as we approach the era of crowd-funding. By embracing these modern methods of fund-raising, the organization is bound to appeal to the youth, ultimately giving it a new edge over competitors. Personal reflection While working on this document, I have learned a number of key things about the administration of human services organization. The exercise has helped me appreciate the challenges that institutions such as NCADV go through on a daily basis as they seek to teach societies on the importance of maintaining harmonious living in families. Speaking with key heads at NCADV was informative and it also made me aware of the complexities of the decision-making process within large organizations. The directors interviewed made us u nderstand that the administration of human service organizations such as NCADV does not just stop at getting money from sponsors. On the contrary, we were made to know that the work gets harder once the money comes in. This is because it is at this stage that the persons in charge are required to maintain accountability.  Working with fellow classmates on this project has also helped me appreciate the importance of teamwork. We decided to split the work based on our individual strengths and at the end of it all we managed to present a paper that could be used to inform changes in the organization. Among the challenges we faced while working on this project was the coordination of group meetings. We could not find a time that was convenient for all team members and we were forced to compromise on a number of things in order to get the work done. These are challenges I am sure to expect in my position as a human services administrator. Our collective strength as a group made it easy for us to identify the key stakeholders in the organization that our report was based on and get them to give us the kind of information we needed. In some cases, we had to promise the members involved that we would present them with a copy of this report, for the evaluation of their work. This self-sacrifice is an important element of my work as a human services administrator and it is one area that I hope to keep working on. After this exercise, my report-writing skills have vastly improved. I can now walk into any affiliate organization, collect information about it and do a report on its performance and changes that can be made to make its operations more fluid. I now understand that the report-writing classes, we have taken in this course, were not exercises in futility. I plan to take the knowledge garnered seriously and use it to better myself as a human services administrator. In addition, I intend to take more short courses that improve my human services administration ski lls. I also hope to volunteer with more institutions in duties that will improve my skills as a human services administrator. Reference List Chen, Y.M., Hedrick, S. C., Young, H. M. (2010). A pilot evaluation of the family  caregiver support program. Evaluation and Program Planning, 33(2), 113-119. Retrieved from Walden Library using the Science Direct database. Community United Against Violence (CUAV): About. (2015). Web. Corporate Alliance to End Partner Violence (CAEPV): About. (2015). Web. LeRoux, K. (2009). Managing stakeholder demands Balancing responsiveness to  clients and funding agents in nonprofit social service organizations†. Administration Society, 41(2), 158-184. Retrieved from Walden Library using the Sage Premier 2010 database. National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV): About. (2015). Web. Ross, M. E. (2010). Designing and using program evaluation as a tool for reform.  Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 5(12.7), 481-506. Retrieved from Walden Library using the ERIC database. Sridharan, S., Nakaima, A. (2011). Ten steps to making evaluation matter.  Evaluation and Program Planning, 34(2), 135-146. Retrieved from Walden Library using the Science Direct database. Stake, R. E. (2011). Program evaluation particularly responsive evaluation. Journal  of Multidisciplinary Evaluation, 7(15), 180-201. Retrieved from Walden Library using the Directory of Open Access Journals database. This assessment on National Coalition Against Domestic Violence was written and submitted by user Graysen K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Critique of Twelve Angry Men Essay Example

Critique of Twelve Angry Men Essay Book Critique: Twelve Angry Men, Reginald Rose and David Mamet The criminal justice system of the United States, when first framed through the U. S. Constitution and Bill of Rights, was a revolutionary breakthrough in contemporary peace-keeping. For fear of becoming like their former governing nation wherein unreasonable trials were held in such a way that numerous individuals accused of criminal acts were not offered a opportunity to demonstrate their innocence or, in some cases, a trial by jury – the framers of the Constitution created a justice system based on the preservation of the rights of the accused, as well as ascertaining an un-biased truth and dealing justice. This brief explanation on the foundation of the U. S. Criminal justice system plays an importance to the piece of literature under criticism. Reginald Rose’s screenplay Twelve Angry Men provides insight into the judicial underbelly of a criminal trial, particularly the rigors of the jury’s decision-making procedure. Many issues to the contemporary justice system are made manifest despite the fact that the entirety of the play, excluding the opening court scene, takes place in a New York City jury room. The scenario of the case being presided over is an â€Å"offense against the person†; a homicide in specific in which, a New York City teenager is accused of fatally stabbing his father. We will write a custom essay sample on Critique of Twelve Angry Men specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Critique of Twelve Angry Men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Critique of Twelve Angry Men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The defendant has a criminal record (and a lot of circumstantial evidence piled against him) and therefore if convicted, the application of the death penalty is mandatory (in this scenario), which obviously should give the presiding jury a sense of pressure, given that a human being’s natural right to freedom and life rests in their unanimous decision. The application of the death penalty in this criminal case may have been just added for dramatic emphasis but the relevance to the modern criminal justice system is what makes an entertaining play plausible. For example, obviously in real criminal court, a guilty verdict would not necessarily be a death-sentence. The guilty party would have the chance to appeal to the court of appeals, and given the weak evidence (mentioned later), that appeal would be granted and moved into a higher level of judicial review. Another issue that Twelve Angry Men displays is Reginald Rose’s depiction of a diverse jury. The characters – who remain nameless except for their numbers – seem to have representatives from all spectrums of society. Such characters include: a sports-fanatic football coach, a former street-urchin, a Swiss-German immigrant, a doctor, an advertising agent, a self-made businessman, a bigot, and a level-headed representative of the â€Å"everyday American† to name a few. Eleven members of this diverse group of people, all with their own agenda (such as tickets to a ball game, or the desire to escape the un-air-conditioned room), immediately establish their biased, objective view of the accused youth by casting a â€Å"guilty† vote during the preliminary vote process. Only the level-headedness and determination to not condemn a youth so easily led one man to cast a not-guilty vote. Once the play reaches this point it relies on this one man to convince the other jurors to set aside their bias and examine the evidence before casting a guilty vote. Once again, all though the issue of bias is very likely to come up in genuine criminal trials, the use of these clashing characters is likely intended for dramatic effect. It is not the diversity of the jurors that makes the situation quite unlikely in a real criminal trial (because jurors are chosen at random from a Venire or list of randomly selected names from a Master Jury List and therefore given to diversity) but the fact that, as a rule, groups of people generally follow the majority and that one lonely level-headed juror (# 8) should not be able to convince them otherwise. If one does ignore that aspect then one still discovers later in the literature that many of the other jurors display a personal prejudice that influences their objectivity. For example, juror 10 exhibits a these people are dangerous outburst near the end functioning as outright bigotry. Other such jurors display a sense of past emotional scarring that influence their decisions only when touched by juror #8’s candor. This trial could immediately be dismissed as prejudicial error and therefore given to a retrial. Another interesting prejudice is the fact that most of the jurors characterize the accused youth through certain criminological theories. For example, this troubled teen has grown up in a poorer district, obviously right next to the El train; therefore he must have â€Å"turned out† bad. This is known as the Chicago School created by Clifford Shaw and Henry Mckay, which states that social disorganization (gangs, poor neighborhood, lack of decent educational facilities, etc†¦) causes criminal behavior in individuals. While this may present some grain of truth, the theory itself has not been proven to be undeniably correct in all circumstances thus the term â€Å"theory† rather than it being adopted as a law. On the issue of the incrimination of the accused youth, the twelve dissenting jurors (led by the level-headed juror #8) must reanalyze the evidence and witness testimonies provided by the court. At first glance, the evidence seems fairly damning to the accused: a unique murder weapon (switch-blade) that was supposedly bought by the rebellious teen, an overheard declaration- by an old man with a limp living below the duo- during a heated argument between the accused and the victim declaring that the teen would â€Å"kill him†, a poor-sighted woman who apparently saw the stabbing through a passing train, as well as a poor alibi given by the youth that he was at the movies, yet neglected to remember what was being shown. Without difficulty can one understand and justify the majority of the jury’s initial vote for a guilty verdict. But, would not taking the evidence at face value violate the founding principles of the United States criminal justice system? Condemning one to death with a casual glance at these evidences is neither about protecting the rights of the accused as a human being nor finding the truth to deal swift justice. Juror #8’s approach to the evidence is to illustrate that: On cases in which the death penalty is the consequence – jury, as objective citizens must decide whether or not a criminal charge can be proven to be fact. If the evidence of prosecutors does not determine that no other theory is possible, then who has the right to do anything but set the defendant free? In other words, the evidence provided could be displayed in a way that shows it was Possible that the defendant is innocent due to lack of undeniable evidence; therefore you cannot condemn the accused. This is relevant to the criminal justice system in several ways. For example, the fact that the dissenting jurors have to reevaluate these evidences even though it is clear that, while they do provide some sort of cases for the prosecution, the testimonies of handicapped people hardly is damning evidence. In a legitimate criminal trial, the defense would be able to employ a reasonable doubt tactic. The Defense attorney could easily prove by cross-examining the two witnesses’ stories and raise reasonable doubt as to the guilt or innocence, this derives from the fact that the old man’s testimony is hearsay evidence. While this may present a fairly weak case, this tactic would prove that the evidence and testimonies would not be absolutely conclusive to the accused youth’s apparent guilt.

Health is wealth Essays

Health is wealth Essays Health is wealth Paper Health is wealth Paper The strength of nation I determined by the health status of its citizens: a nation with predominantly unhealthy people is likely going to have reduced national output indexed by her Gross National Product and even the gross domestic product. The importance of health cannot be overemphasized at all levels of education and government. Besides, health is not just the absence of disease but a state of mental, physical and social wellbeing [WHO]. This implies that a healthy individual is one that is stable in his/her tripartite nature, maintaining homeostasis at these levels. In lieu of this, it is important to consider health and health related cultural practices that help to promote and sustain good health among the populace; these practices form the fulcrum of preventive care, and also constitute parts of palliative patient management. CULTURAL PRACTICES Culture is a way of life; it is the totality of a group of people. It involves their communication symbols, languages, education pattern, arts, methods of exchange and socialization, norms and beliefs, special events and the nature of their governance. It also includes the expectations of every member of the community. In this vein, health and health cultural practices refer to activities carried out regularly to maintain the sanity of the environment in which one resides, to maintain a good state of health and improved standard of living for local inhabitants; such are directed at preventing sources of ill-health such as infection, pollution in various forms, metabolic imbalance, accidents/trauma, immune suppression, neoplasia. It also includes measures taken to restore health in its absence such as care for the sick. PRODUCTIVE PRACTICES In essence, such health and health related cultural practices are broadly categorized into Preventive measures [targeted at preventing ill health by specific health measures], Restorative [Care in the presence of disease when there is hope of restoration to normal health; this is particularly seen in contemporary diseases like malaria, typhoid, influenza, measles, etc], and palliative [care in the presence of an incurable disease without hope to total or partial restoration to normal health] Preventive Measures that are employed as cultural practices: SANITARY MEASURES: this involvement regular clean up of the environment, rooms and work centers. Such help to maintain a clean environment that can support good living; this also inhibits the life cycle of infective agents and especially vectors such as insects [mosquitoes, tse-tesfly, arthropods, mammals]. This includes sweeping and mopping, grass and lawn mowing, washing dirty plates and hands after engaging in any acts that stain the hand and some others which are part of everyday house chores. Planting of trees and herbs: This helps to replenish the earth; it is also important in maintaining the stability of the ecosystem. It improves carbon and oxygen cycles that are inevitable for survival on the planet. DIET: this is a major way that health is maintained as typified by the signs and symptoms of a malnourished individual; such people suffer enormous discomfort and are prone to ill-health because of immune suppression. This underscores the fact that we are what we eat; our state of health is an indication of our diet status all things being equal. Cultural practices that encourage good and balanced diet are not common; many people are used to fast foods which are high-risk sources for contacting infections, and also for outbreaks from contamination. Besides, there are` reports that food obtained form these places contain trans-unsaturated fat that is not compatible with the health of the vascular system, as it predisposes to development of cardiovascular disorders and other co-morbidities. Some of the eating habit in this control also predispose to obesity and diabetes mellitus. Exercise: This is another health related cultural practice that is very important to maintain good and stable health. Only a few people all over the world engage in these productive acts. However, there are some cultures of the world that promote exercise as a normal way of life by virtue of the vigorous nature of activities and deliberate practices they are exposed to, on a daily basis. Other productive practices include massage and acupuncture to relieve stress and pain, respectively.

Global Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Law - Essay Example Her inner thighs, buttocks, perineum, genital areas and groin were severely burned that she had to be admitted for treatment to the hospital for 8 days. While in the hospital for treatment, Liebeck went through skin grafting and debridement treatments. Liebeck filled a claim with McDonalds for $20,000.00, but McDonald refused to pay the said amount so Liebeck brought the case to court. During the discovery proceedings, McDonalds produced documents showing more than 700 claims by people burned by its coffee between 1982 and 1992 and a number of these claims were similar to that of Liebeck. The documents presented by McDonalds proved that McDonalds knows about the hazards that its coffee products have on drive-thru costumers. McDonalds’ quality assurance manager also said that based on the advice of its consultants, the company made it a policy to keep its coffee between 180 and 190 degrees Fahrenheit to keep its taste. This policy stands even though other companies serve their coffee lower temperature and coffee is normally served at home around 135 to 140 degrees. McDonalds’ quality assurance manager admitted that the company did not evaluate the safety ramifications that this practice may have on the costumers. He also acknowledged the fact that any food items served as 140 degrees or more may cause burning. He also acknowledged the fact that since McDonalds’ coffee is between 180 and 190 degrees, the coffee is not fit for consumption as it would cause burning on the mount and throat. 2. Issues to be decided by the court a. Whether or not Liebeck is entitled to compensation for the pains and sufferings that she went through after she was burned by the coffee bought from McDonalds. b. Whether or not McDonalds observed proper safety measures to protect its clients from possible harm that its products may cause. 3. Facts Relied Upon by Stella In arguing her case in court, Liebeck relied on the testimonies of a scholar in thermodynamics applie d to human skin burns. According to the expert, 180 degrees, liquids can cause third degree burns in a matter of two to seven seconds. The degree of the damage on human skin reduces exponentially as the temperature of the liquid reduces to 155 degrees and below. If Liebeck’s coffee had been around 155 degrees when it spilled on her lap, she may not suffer serious burns. 4. McDonald’s Defense McDonald claimed that its costumers buy coffee on their way to work or home with the intention of drinking the coffee once they arrive at their destination. As it is, the coffee would have enough time to cool down along the way so it will not be scalding hot when the costumers get to drink them. Another defense posed by McDonalds is that its costumers know that the coffee they buy from the drive-thru is hot and the costumers want it that way. 5. Court Decision The jury awarded Liebeck $200,000 in compensatory damages and another $2.7 million in punitive damages. The compensatory da mages were later on reduced by the jury to $160,000 since Liebeck was also at fault. The trial court, on the other hand, reduced the punitive damages to $480,000.00. 6. Opinion on the case Awarding both compensatory and punitive damages to Liebeck is only fitting in this case because McDonalds committed gross negligence in doing its job to protect its costumers. However, I do not agree with the jury’

Aviation Perspective Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aviation Perspective - Research Paper Example FAA Regulations 14 CFR Part 91 covers the general operating and flight rules. The operations covered by the FAA Regulations 14 CFR Part 121 include air carrier certification. On its part, FAA Regulations 14 CFR Part 135 covers the operating requirements for the planes. FAA Regulations 14 CFR Part 141 covers outlines the requirements for the certification of aviation training schools. By description, the AIM is the official guide to Basic Flight Information and ATC Procedures. The best place to find meanings of standard FAA acronyms and abbreviations is from the free dictionary of the acronyms (http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/FAA). It contains a varied number of meanings for the same abbreviation (United States, 2009). NOTAM is a legal and unclassified notice, usually filed with due authority from the aviation. Its main significance is to alert pilots of significant potential hazards within the prospective route or specific locations that put the plane at risks of mishap. The kind of NOTAM that would give information about specific location is the D NOTAM due to its ability to easen information identification. The Technical Operations Services provides information to pilots abut NOTAMs that are likely to affect their flights. The service department is reachable on telephone via (888) 876-6826 and (540) 422-4262. A Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) is a domestic restraint on a given area of airspace because of movement of government VIPs, natural disasters, special events, or any other unusual events. The relevant authorities give them on a daily basis but vary from place to place. Precisely, the rationale for TFRs include movement of the president and the vice president from place to palace and other government VIPs, special events usually after a given period of time such as during the visits by UN officials. It may also be due to

Problem solving Essay Example for Free

Problem solving Essay Introduction This case is about a sales supervisor, Debbie’s Ronson, having a group meeting with the sales department. The meeting was held to discuss two things, one last week’s performance, and two Debbie handed out a memo outlining a new format for scheduling their calls. At the end of the meeting Debbie discussed the meeting to one of her fellow supervisors, saying she gives them a chance to talk in the meetings but there is never a response. Debbie believes they are either shy or disinterested in her meetings. Statement of Problem. In this case Debbie, the sales supervisor, held a meeting for the four basic meeting purposes, give information, exchange information, find facts and solve problems (296-297) using the leader-controlled approach(p. 297). During the first half of the meeting Debbie discussed last week’s performance. After discussing it she asked if there were any questions, no response. The second half of the meeting Debbie discussed the new schedule for calls, once again no response no ideas. The overall problem Debbie is having is the non-responsiveness from her sales department during meetings. Solution There are a few ways as to how Debbie can fix this problem. One she can take a second and see if this meeting is actually necessary to have asking herself â€Å"why are we here? † and having a clear purpose which is also enabling other pre meeting plans to be developed to support the purpose of the meeting p301. Two Debbie could, clarify her expectations of the meeting (p304). At the beginning of the meeting Debbie can explain why this meeting was called for and that she is expecting to give information as well as hearing feedback from the group. 1. What might be some reasons for participants not saying much at Debbie’s meetings? Her department members could feel as though the meeting is pointless and would like to get back to their jobs, that to the department members, their job is more important. 2. Assume that you are a facilitation consultant. What advice would you give Debbie for encouraging participation in future meetings? If I was a facilitation consultant I would suggest Debbie to make sure she is prepared, that she is asking the right questions during the meeting.

Supply chain management in operation

Supply chain management in operation INTRODUCTION Background The term supply chain management was first used in the early 1980s to refer to the concept that manufacturing firms should think of their own internal operations as an included whole, rather than as separate departments such as purchasing, stores, production, finished good warehouse, distribution and so on. It was quickly extended to cover relationships with suppliers and with immediate customers the idea being that working more closely and co-operatively with these counterparts would enable a kind of mixing and co-ordination that would lead to reduced inventory, better quality and delivery performance and reduced cost for everyone involved.( Skjoett, L,T. 1999) Today, supply chain management is an important concern in large organizations, and is among the most active areas of research in the academic operations management community. In modern business environments characterized by ever-increasing competition and economy globalization, supermarket companies have been exploiting innovative technologies and strategies to achieve and sustain competitive advantage. As an effective business philosophy, supply chain management has gained a tremendous amount of attention from both the academic and practitioners community in the recent years. (Burnes, B. and New, S.1996). Nowadays, more than ever, companies face an increasing pressure of customers requirements in product customization, quality improvement and demand responsiveness. On the other hand they need to reduce the production cost, shorten lead time and allow inventory level to ensure profitability. In order to survive under these pressure more and more enterprise are serving to develop long-tern strategic partnership with a few component suppliers and collaborate with then in product development, inventor control and non-core process outsourcing. Moreover variou s value-adding process from materials purchasing, production and assembly to distribution and customer order delivery are integrated and synchronized to achieve the common goal of enhancing customer satisfaction. (Beamon, M. B. 1999) A narrow view of supply chain management would restrict it to relatively high-volume industries such as retailing and manufacturing, and would focus on the use of close, ‘partnership style relationships to optimize inventory and production planning, and to eliminate quality problems arising from poor inter-organizational communications. (Haag, S. Cummings, M. McCubbrey, D. Pinsonneault, A. Donovan, R. 2006). It also tends to neglect the service sector and the purchasing of things other than inputs to the final product facts that organizations often spend a large proportion of their total spend on such inputs. Supply chain management (SCM) is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the operations of the supply chain with the purpose to satisfy customer requirements as efficiently as possible. It is the combination of art and science that goes into the way of a company finds the raw components it needs to make a product or service and deliver it to customers. (Chopra, S, Meindl, P. 2003) Supply chain management spans all movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point-of-origin to point-of-consumption. It is all about managing the flow of information, materials, services and money across any activity, in a way which maximizes the effectiveness of the process. This is a continuous process, not a one-time fix. (Chandra, C. Kumar, S. 2000). Supply Chain Management helps to reduce the costs of both clients and suppliers, while sustaining or improving added value and margins. Consequently, companies that have effective supply chains are most successful. The definition one America professional association put forward is that Supply Chain Management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing, procurement, conversion, and logistics management activities. Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers, and customers. In essence, Supply Chain Management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies. (Giannakis, M, Croom, S. 2004) Supply chain management deals with the management of materials, information and financial flows in a network consisting of suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and customers. The coordination and integration of these flows within and across companies are critical in successful supply chain management. It is important that the information, material and financial flows are coordinated effectively in a supply chain. Material flows involve both physical product flows from suppliers to customers through the chain, as well as the reverse flows via product returns, servicing, recycling and disposal. Information flows involve order transmission and delivery status. Financial flows involve credit terms, payment schedules, and consignment and title ownership arrangements. These flows cut across multiple organizations within a company as well as across companies and industries. In the last few years, the coordination and integration of these flows have attracted major interest on the part of researchers, management, consultants and practitioners in academia and industry. (Cooper, M, C, Douglas, M, Lambert and Janus, D, P, 1997). Rationale As we have the family business of superstores in Bangladesh, this study would help me to achieve the competitive edge for our own business. My decision to do dissertation on Supply chain management and the recent due to my desire to aim for a career in Bangladeshi Superstore Companies. This initiated from our own business in Supply chain, where I had the opportunity to experience the deeply fascinating influences of supply chain. During my stay in Bangladesh I succeeded is establishing a pressure in our own business within a field I knew very little about. In fact, I manage to occupy myself in a supply chain where apart from being given a chance to be involved in the management of the business I was given an opportunity to test my creative skills, by creating a web page to promote the company. Furthermore, the Business Management courses I attended during my stay at London School of Accountancy and Management gave me the opportunity to utilize and put into perspective the knowledge I had previous acquired through personal experience. This made me realize the effect that a Business School education would have upon me both as person and as future professional. In addition to helping out and run my fathers business more effectively in future and establish my own career, this project will help me to broaden my knowledge about supply chain management in Supermarket Company and also helps me to understand about the new innovation in supply chain management in SCM resulting improved in company performance. Purpose of Study The main purpose of this dissertation is to obtain an understanding of the term â€Å"Supply Chain Management† and its recent innovation. To find out the different factors required to improve the supply chain management in International Business Environment. To understand the fundamental issues of supply chain management in different organizations. To suggest some recommendations and identify topics for further research to better tackle Supply Chain Management in multinational organizations. Research Objectives To determine the importance of supply chain management in British supermarkets. To establish the role played by these new innovations in improve company relationship. To determine critical success factors of recent innovation of SCM To determine any limitation of SCM in British Supermarkets. Research Questions 1) How important is supply chain management in todays business? 2) How SCM in different British Supermarkets solve problems related to: 1) Proper Logistic management 2) Controlling Over Cost 3) Time efficiency 4) Proper way of exporting 5) Relationship with customers. 3) What are the new innovations in SCM? And how do these innovations in SCM can improve company performance? 4) What is the role of technology in SCM? 5) How SCM improve company performance? Statement of Problem The basic assumption was â€Å"the more integration the better the management of the chain†. This study discusses what the term â€Å"management† in the concept of SCM stands for. The integration assumption as a â€Å"cure all† prescription for SCM is challenged, and questions raised as to when it is possible and desirable to exercise management in supply chains. The main thesis is that it depends very much on the â€Å"environment† of the supply chain and the power relations between the participants in the supply chain. Problem of integrating the individual activities into key supply chain processes. Significance of Study This study has examined the supply chain management function in the British supermarkets. And how far are the recent innovations in supply chain management successfully achieving the SCM goals and objectives in improved company performance. It has also delineated the changing way of doing supply chain management which is likely more technology based. To enhance the supply chain management in the super market industry the study has highlighted areas requiring innovation in supply chain management. Building customer-supplier relationships: SCM is the securing, coordinating and maintaining of formal links with all parties that perform a vital function. In order to do this, company needs first to develop a SCM process map describing the activities of all members involved in the supply chain and the relationships among them in successfully achieving the SCM goals and objectives. Information and communication technologies changed the way firms conduct transactions, particularly in understanding and restructuring relationships because relationship creation and maintenance helps to breed future success. Communicating benefits of relationships, clarifying customer needs and expectations, assisting in problem solving and conflict resolution, improving performance measures with suppliers, and creating competitive advantage help to maintain effective relationships (Foggin, J.H., Mentzer, J.T. 2003). Developing partnerships is one of the most important steps in building and maintaining customer-supplier relationships. Implementing information and communication technology: Information and communication technology (ICT) is a very important strategic factor in managing supply chains; it acts as the disseminator and enabler for process and product communication along with reducing paperwork and lead times. Rapid developments in technology have created numerous choices from information technology software. However, the brand of technology used is not as important as how effectively it is coordinated with internal and external supply chain partners; along with its compatibility with other relevant technologies used by them. (Graham, G., Hardaker, G. 2000). The role of transactional IT is to acquire process and disseminate raw data about the companys supply chain and to compile reports to summarize these data. This is particularly important because supply chain managers need timely and accurate information about existing and projected manufacturing capacities and costs, finished and semi- finished goods inventories, transportation costs, and customer demands across the firms supply chain. Enterprise resource planning (ERP), manufacturing resource planning (MRP II), distribution resource planning (DRP), electronic data interchange (EDI), and other e-commerce systems are intended to provide supply chain managers the complete and accurate information of this transactional data. (Gunasekaran, A., Ngai, E.W.T. 2004). Thus analytical IT heavily involves problem solving modelling process and use of various descriptive and normative models to find solutions to various supply chain problems. The SCM managers need to know the form and purpose of these models before they apply them in their modelling process. The development of web-based/internet applications is another tool to process information pertaining to supply chain such as processing procurement activities both operationally and strategically. Use of e-mail/faxes, worldwide web (www), EDI, electronic funds transfer (EFT), internet auctions, etc., are the few examples that web-based/internet technologies can offer to perform SCM activities more efficiently.. It is not expected that intranet use will fully replace the use of electronic data interchange (EDI) systems in the near future (Bharadwaj, A.S. 2000). Technologies including EDI are slower, but the efficiency with which it transfers information allows it to maintain its value. New technologies similar to EDI will increase the speed of operations, reduce cycle times and aid management of materials. Re-engineering material flows: Many practitioners of SCM have recognized that effectively managing the flow of materials across the supply chain as one of the important strategic success factor. This is because the costs involved of providing end customers and supply chain member organizations with the materials required, in the right quantities, in the desired form, with the appropriate documentation, at the desired location, at the right time, and at the lowest possible cost are very high. (Duclos, L.K., Vokurka, R.J., Lummus, R.R. 2003). Quickly communicating with suppliers enhances the use of inventory management techniques as like just-in-time (JIT), which is an inventory system intended to minimize stock levels (White, R.E., Prybutok, V. 2001). Technology will help in managing inventory flow and supply within a given supply channel and is key in evaluating and in reducing resource consuming processes. The development of integrated SCM increased the importance of logistical activities to move materials in a timely and cost effective manner across the supply chain. A supply chain wide logistics strategy became an important strategic goal for many companies. Implementing logistics strategy involving distribution networks, transportation modes, carrier management, warehousing, inventory management, order processing and fulfilment, and all other related activities encompassing the entire supply chain became a necessity to achieve this goal. I am confident that this study will provide significant inputs to the innovations in supply chain management resulting in improves company performance as well as academicians towards unleashing the immense potential of the British super markets and enable to realize its rightful place in the global economic place. Nature of Study Nature of this study is more theoretical and depends more on secondary resources like literature reviews and case studies. The research methodology of this study entails a literature study, and survey with senior managers in some of the multinational companies in UK by questionnaire sent through mail survey methodology. Assumptions and limitations The research was limited by two factors: time and resources. Due to large expenses, the research was conducted on the limited number of companies in a relatively short period of time. There might be some biases like sampling bias, response bias and questionnaire bias. Because of limited time I had to depend more on secondary resources like literature study and case studies. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW The post-World War II supply chain was a set of linear, individualized processes that linked manufacturers, warehouses, wholesalers, retailers and consumers together in the form of a human/paper chain (Ganeshan, 2002, in his journal New Directions in Supply Chain and Technology Management, Strategy and Implementation,) Beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, firms started to view themselves as closely linked functions whose joint purpose was to serve their customers. This internal integration was often referred to as material logistics management or materials management. During this period, SCM innovations such as material requirement planning (MRP) were developed (Lummus, R., Vokurka, R.,1999, in their journal Defining supply chain management: a historical perspective and practical guidelines,). Those firms that successfully integrated these functions did improve their performance. However, some constraints, such as customers or suppliers unresponsiveness did hinder the improvements. These constraints prevented the firms from instantly responding to market changes. In late 1970s and early 1980s, US firms faced fierce competition from their Japanese counterparts. Especially in the automobile industry, Japanese carmakers utilized just-in-time delivery to achieve efficient inventory management. Detroits Big Three had to find ways to communicate with suppliers effectively. The solution at the time was to communicate through batch orders and via a standard called electronic data interchange (EDI) (Claycomb, C. Drogue, D. Germain, R. 1999)[1]. Since the 1990s, the pervasive adoption of Internet and Web technology have promised an omnipresent and less costly way to tie companies and their business partners together in the supply chain. The great collaboration made e-Commerce buzzwords like â€Å"B2B† and â€Å"B2C† known to almost everybody in business circles (McKeown, P.G. 2000, in his journal Information Technology and the Networked Economy). With the advancement of information technology, the collaboration of business partners will continuously improve the effectiveness of SCM. Supply Chain: Supply chain has become a vast and strong part of an organization, its work place with regards to creativity and sustainability. More importantly it was always regarded as just being a tool for distribution and logistics. But in the recent decade Supply Chain Management has evolved itself as part of the information and financial flow of any particular organization. The work of Supply chain is to get the right commodity at the right place, at the right time with the required level of quality. â€Å"In the search for a solution to get the right product to the right place at the right time, there are five areas that companies should focus on to improve the synchronization of information flow through the supply chain: demand, supply, manufacturing/scheduling, transportation, and network optimization† (Lummus, R. Vokurka, R. 1999, in his journal Defining supply chain management: a historical perspective and practical guidelines). Supply chain has been discussed in many different ways by different authors: According to (Quinn F. J.,1997) the supply chain as â€Å"all of those activities associated with moving goods from the raw-materials stage through to the end user. This includes sourcing and procurement, production scheduling, order processing, inventory management, transportation, warehousing, and customer service. Importantly, it also embodies the information systems so necessary to monitor all of those activities.† (Swaminathan, J.M., Smith, S.F. and Sadeh, N.M, 1996,in their journal multi-agent framework for modeling supply chain dynamics) defines a supply chain â€Å"to be a network of autonomous or semi-autonomous business entities collectively responsible for procurement, manufacturing, and distribution activities associated with one or more families of related products†. [2] Dainty, A.R.J., Briscoe, G.H. and Millett, S.J. (2001) has a similar definition: â€Å"A supply chain is a network of facilities that procure raw materials, transform them into intermediate goods and then final products, and deliver the products to customers through a distribution system.† (Ganeshan, R. 2002) has yet another analogous definition: â€Å"A supply chain is a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the functions of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials into intermediate and finished products, and the distribution of these finished products to custom ers.† Supply Chain Management: The famous way of defining SCM stated by (Cooper, M, C, Douglas, M, Lambert and Janus, D, P, 1997,in their journal Supply Chain Management: More than a new name for Logistics) where they defined SCM as: â€Å"The integration of business processes from end user through original suppliers that provides products, services, and information that add value for customers†. Supply chain management is described by (Ferguson, B.R. (2000,in his journal â€Å"Implementing supply chain management Production Inventory), as to being to â€Å". . . remove communication barriers and eliminate redundancies through coordinating, monitoring and controlling processes†. According to Professor (Martin Christopher,2005) â€Å"supply chain management is the management of upstream and downstream relationship with suppliers and customers to deliver superior relationship with suppliers and customers to deliver superior customer value at less cost to the supply chain as a whole†. Supply Chain Management (SCM) is â€Å"an integrative philosophy to manage the total flow of a channel from the earliest supplier of raw materials to the ultimate customer, and beyond, including the disposal process† (Cooper, M, C, Douglas, M, Lambert and Janus, D, P. in their journal Supply Chain Management: More than a new name for Logistics†, The International Journal of Logistic Management, 1997). Supply chain management is defined as the systemic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole (Mentzer, J.T. DeWitt, W. Keebler, J.S. Min, S.Nix, N.W. Smith, C.D. Zacharia, Z.G. 2001). Supply chain management is â€Å"treated as key to building a sustainable competitive edge through improved inter and intra-firm relationships† (Chopra, S, Meindl, P., in their book Supply chain management, strategy, planning operation,2003) A range of benefits has been attributed to supply chain management, including reduced costs, increased market share and sales, and solid customer relations From these definitions, a summary definition of the supply chain can be stated as: all the activities involved in delivering a product from raw material through to the customer including sourcing raw materials and parts, manufacturing and assembly, warehousing and inventory tracking, order entry and order management, distribution across all channels, delivery to the customer, and the information systems necessary to monitor all of these activities. Successful Supply Chain Management reduces the costs of both clients and suppliers, while sustaining or improving added value and margins. Consequently, companies that have effective supply chains are most successful. {In recent times, the theory of purchasing and supply operations has been widely studied under a variety of labels and for a number of reasons. Each of these focuses on different operations within an organisation but SCM is the single most wide-ranging approach in its range of study in considering how Firms utilise their suppliers processes, technology, and capability to enhance competitive advantage (Houlihan, 1985; Cooper et al., 1993; DTI, 1995). Tan and Kannan (1998) consider how all strategic suppliers in the chain can integrate to act as a single entity and enhance overall performance in SCM. One definition of SCM is offered by La Londe (1998) as: `the delivery of enhanced customer and economic value through synchronised management of the flow of physical goods and associated information from sourcing through consumption. Johnston (1995) States it as: `The process of strategically managing the movement and storage of materials, parts and finished inventory from suppliers, throu gh the firm and to customers. The various definitions which have been proposed indicate that SCM prescribes organisational restructuring, extended to the achievement of a company-wide collaborative culture. For Rich and Hines (1997), it embraces a strong sense of integration of all activities controlling the timing and synchronisation of material flows. With regards to SCM implementation, a study by- Lambert et al. (1998), conveys the SCM implementation process as a more straightforward matter. In their view, senior management must address the process and they identify three closely inter related elements to aid the SCM task, namely: the supply chain network structure; the business processes; and the management components. For Bushnell (1999), implementing SCM requires a thorough understanding of the concept and its technology over a lengthy and diverse range of activities and organisations. He states: There is nothing worse than trying to train for a technology when employees do not really understand or fear the concepts that it supports. And there is nothing worse than managers pursuing a concept when they do not understand the importance of, or the difficulties related to, the technology on which the concept depends. The supply chain can be regarded as a business process to construct enterprise-wide methods. It is defined in many ways. The International Centre for Competitive Excellence defined it to be (S. Changchien, H.Y. Shen, 2002) ‘‘the integration of key business processes from end user through original suppliers that provides products, services and information that add value for customers and other stakeholders. With the implementation of supply chain management, the narrow focus of managers and the adversarial relationships between logistics providers, suppliers, and customers are replaced by strategic alliances and long-term cooperative relationships. Suppliers and customers are viewed as partners instead of adversaries with the objective of ‘‘maximizing competitiveness and profitability for the company as well as for the whole supply chain net-work including the end-customer (K. Patterson, C. Grimm, T. Corsi, , 2003) Levary (R. Levary, 2000) suggests that the ben efits of a supply chain include: (1) Minimizing the bullwhip effect, (2) Maximizing the efficiency of activities, (3) Minimizing the inventories, (4) Minimizing cycle times, (5) Achieving an acceptable level of quality. The major success factors for a supply chain are effective management of strategic alliances, extensive data management capabilities, and advanced inter-organizational IS to enable better information exchange; this provides more up-to-date information and allows for more accurate inventory responses to change in demand and appropriate inventory levels (M. Whipple, R. Frankel, 2000).} THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Increasing global cooperation, vertical disintegration and a focus on core activities have led to the notion that firms are links in a networked supply chain. This strategic viewpoint has created the challenge of coordinating effectively the entire supply chain, from upstream to downstream activities. While supply chains have existed ever since businesses have been organized to bring products and services to customers, the notion of their competitive advantage, and consequently supply chain management (SCM), is a relatively recent thinking in management literature. (Carr, A.S. and Pearson, J.N., in their journal The impact of purchasing and supplier involvement on strategic purchasing and its impact on firms performance, 2002) Although research interests in and the importance of SCM are growing, scholarly materials remain scattered and disjointed, and no research has been directed towards a systematic identification of the core initiatives and constructs involved in SCM. Thus, the p urpose of this study is to develop a research framework that improves understanding of SCM and stimulates and facilitates researchers to undertake both theoretical and empirical investigation on the critical constructs of SCM, and the exploration of their impacts on supply chain performance. To this end, I have analyzed over 40 articles and synthesize the large, fragmented body of work dispersed across many disciplines such as purchasing and supply, logistics and transportation, marketing, organizational dynamics, information management, strategic management, and operations management literature. The following are five basic components of SCM. 1. Plan This is the strategic portion of SCM. You need a strategy for managing all the resources that go toward meeting customer demand for your product or service. A big piece of planning is developing a set of metrics to monitor the supply chain so that it is efficient, costs less and delivers high quality and value to customers. 2. Source Choose the suppliers that will deliver the goods and services you need to create your product. Develop a set of pricing, delivery and payment processes with suppliers and create metrics for monitoring and improving the relationships. And put together processes for managing the inventory of goods and services you receive from suppliers, including receiving shipments, verifying them, transferring them to your manufacturing facilities and authorizing supplier payments. 3. Make This is the manufacturing step. Schedule the activities necessary for production, testing, packaging and preparation for delivery. As the most metric-intensive portion of the supply chain, measure quality levels, production output and worker productivity. 4. Deliver This is the part that many insiders refer to as logistics. Coordinate the receipt of orders from customers, develop a network of warehouses, pick carriers to get products to customers and set up an invoicing system to receive payments. 5. Return The problem part of the supply chain. Create a network for receiving defective and excess products back from customers and supporting customers who have problems with delivered products. (Christopher, M., in his book Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 3rd edition, 2005). Research Methodology A literature survey was employed as one of the research methodologies in the study to develop a framework for best practices and innovations in supply chain management of British supermarket industry. The literature on SCM practices, application of IT and innovations was collected primary from journals in the areas of operations management, supply chain, operations research, and information systems. In addition to classifying the literature on SCM practices and innovations, the tools used to model and analyse various SCM environments are also presented. The literature search included journals published by numerous publishers, in particular Elsevier, Emerald, and Taylor and Francis, together with journals such as Management Science and Operations Research. The literature search was aimed at primarily helping researchers and practitioners in implementing a successful IT system for achieving an effective SCM. With this in mind, I looked at the literature that deals with IT-enabled SCM. The primary aim of the literature search was to help researchers and practitioners develop an effective SCM practice. The literature on SCM and some associated references Ire classified according to this objective and are reviewed in the following sections. This would be useful to researchers who are interested in modelling and analysis of various decision-making environments with reference to IT in SCM. The literature search has been conducted wi